![]() As it stands, Mali remains at a crossroads of hope and uncertainty. ![]() However, Mali’s transitional government faces an uphill battle to build consensus and reign in the violence. A military coup in August 2020 broke the prevailing and seemingly untenable status quo, and has provided opportunities to change the country’s downward trajectory as Malian politics are reshaped. These developments led to an escalation in multi-directional violence through armed attacks, scaled-up military operations, and increased targeting of civilians. The rise of JNIM was accompanied by the coming to prominence of the rival Dogon-majority militia Dana Ambassagou, and jihadi competitor Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). In 2017, Katiba Macina was subsumed by the creation of the Al Qaeda-affiliated Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), which gathered several militant factions into a Sahelian jihadi conglomerate. ![]() A downward spiraling trend has been observed since 2016, following the spread of violence to central Mali amid the emergence of Katiba Macina. Thus far, 2020 has been the deadliest year on record in Mali.
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